cyber security

Cyber security

The Three Pillars of the CIA Triad

Confidentiality (Privacy)

Integrity (Accuracy): 

Availability (Accessibility): 

The three pillars are defined simply as:
Confidentiality (Privacy): Ensuring that only authorized people have access to specific data.
Example: Using passwords or encryption so that a hacker cannot read your private emails or bank details.


Integrity (Accuracy): Ensuring that data is correct, trustworthy, and has not been accidentally or maliciously altered.
Example: Having permission settings so that employees can read a document but cannot accidentally delete or change the numbers.


Availability (Accessibility): Ensuring that authorized users can access the data or systems exactly when they need them.
Example: Maintaining system backups so that if a server crashes, a website or application doesn’t go down.

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Cyber security in social media 

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social media security refers to the measures and practices implemented to protect users and their data on various social media platforms

it involves safe guarding personal information

privacy settings

and online activities from potential threats such as 

hacking

identity theft

scams

cyber bullying and

social media security

unauthorised access 

Cyber stacking 

Fake social media profile 

Bullying 

FTTH ONT (modem) configuration

FTTH ONT (modem) CONFIGURATION

Question 1 of 5

FIBRE POWER SHOULD BE BETWEEN
-15 TO- 25 DB
-25 TO -50 DB
-14 TO -25 DB
-50 TO -75 DB

ans: -14 TO -25 DB

Question 2 of 5 (Single selection-MCQs)

DEFAULT GATEWAY IS
192.168.1.1
168.192.1.1

Ans: 192.168.1.1
Question 3 of 5 (Single selection-MCQs)

If LOS Light is RED/ NO LIGHT :
Both II & III
Normal operation
Low/High Power
Fiber break
Ans: Fiber break

Question 4 of 5 (Single selection-MCQs)
Flag
If PON Light is blinking :
Normal operation
Fiber break
Low/High Power
OLT/ONT Configuration issue



Question 5 of 5 (Single selection-MCQs)

DEFAULT MTU
1592
1460
1492
1596

Ans: 1492
MTU SIZE : 1492 DEFAULT IN ROUTER
MTU SIZE : 1400  by changing to 1400, improvemetn in speed observed
MTU SIZE : 1200/1300 FOR sloving VPN, google meet, Zoom issues

DNS GOOGLE : 8.8.8.8;    1.1.1.1;    8.8.4.4

Optical power level (OLT uplink) 

 19to -18 dBm

Optical power level (ONT uplink) 

 -14 TO 24 dBM

In computer networking, MTU stands for Maximum Transmission Unit, which represents the largest size data packet (measured in bytes) that a network-connected device can accept and transmit in a single transaction  

1500 Bytes: Standard for Internet and Ethernet networks.

1492 Bytes: Optimized standard when using PPPoE connections

VoIP

voice over internet protocol 

It is a technology that allows you to make voice calls using internet connection instead of traditional coper wire telephone 

IPoE internet protocol over Ethernet ia a network protocol.used by ISPs to deliver broadband internet with out requiring manual login credentials (unlike PPPoE).

It. uses DHCP to automatically assign an IP address directly to a device 

IPoE automatically connects your device to the network using a dynamic IP address assigned via DHCP

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration protocol) is a network management protocol used to automatically assign IP address and other critical network settings to devices like computers, phones, and printers 

BNG - DHCP

Service type: IPoE

DHCP

VLAN Id

Proxy server 

1) UTstarcom 

VLAN 1849

kl.ftth.utims.bsnl.in

2)

HUAWEI 

1849

kl.ftth.ims.bsnl.in

3)

1831

kl.ftthvoip.bsnl.in

PpPoE and IPoE are two distinct methods internet service providers (ISPs) use to connect your modem to ISP"s networks and authenticate your service 

Voice configuration

Service type: IPoE

IP address

Internet Protocol (IP) address:

An identifier for a computer or device on a TCP/IP network. Networks using the TCP/IP protocol route messages based on the IP address of the destination. The format of an IP address is a 32-bit numeric address written as four numbers separated by periods(192.168.1.1). Each decimal number represents eight bits of binary data, and therefore can have a decimal value between 0 and 255.

Subnet Mask:

A subnet mask is used to divide an IP address  into two parts.One part is identifes the the host (computer) , the other part identifies the network which belongs.

The first part of an IP address is used as a network address, the last part as host address.

If you take an example 192.168.1.132 and divide it into these two parts you gets the following

192.168.1.0   Network Address

 0.0.0.132      Host Address

For this example  using 255.255.255.0 subnet mask

When a packet arrives on the 192.168.1.0 subnet and it has a designation address of 192.168.1.132 , computer will receive it from the network and process it.

This means that you can use the address 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.254 for your computers  to connect in the network.

This means that you can use the address 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.254 for your computers  to connect in the network.

The number after the slash represents the number of consecutive 1's in the subnet mask.

For example 192.168.1.0/24 is equal to the network   192.168.1.0 with  255.255.255.0   sub net mask.

Network address:  192.168.1.0/24      

First computer IP address: 192.168.1.3                                                           Second computer IP address: 192.168.1.4
Third computer IP address: 192.168.1.5                          

Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0

Gate way : 192.168.1.2 (Router IP address) 

If you convert 255.255.255.0 to binary , you end up with 24 consecutive 1 's

11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

IP                                         subnet mask

192.168.1.0/24              255.255.255.0                  

   

192.168.1.0 to 192.168.1.255     Total - 256 host address  

Adress:	192.168.1.0	11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000
Netmask:	255.255.255.0	11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Wildcard:	0.0.0.255	00000000.00000000.00000000.11111111
Network Address:	192.168.1.0 / 24	11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000
Broadcast Address:	192.168.1.255	11000000.10101000.00000001.11111111
First host:	192.168.1.1	11000000.10101000.00000001.00000001
Last host:	.192.168.1.254	11000000.10101000.00000001.11111110

ROUTER IP CONFIGURATION :

DHCP

Short for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, a protocol for assigning dynamic IP addresses to devices on a network.

IP address conflict:

If you defined a static IP address for a network device, duplicate IP address conflicts may occur on a DHCP network

Network Addressing

IP addresses are broken into 4 octets (IPv4) separated by dots called dotted decimal notation. An octet is a byte consisting of 8 bits. The IPv4 addresses are in the following form:

192.168.1.1

There are two parts of an IP address:

• Network ID
• Host ID

The addressing scheme for class A through C networks is shown below.

Network Type	Address Range	Normal Netmask	Comments
Class A	001.x.x.x to 126.x.x.x	255.0.0.0	For very large networks
Class B	128.1.x.x to 191.254.x.x	255.255.0.0	For medium size networks
Class C	192.0.1.x to 223.255.254.x	255.255.255.0	For small networks

There are some network addresses reserved for private use by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).

There are three sets of addresses reserved. These address are shown below:

• 10.x.x.x
• 172.16.x.x - 172.31.x.x
• 192.168.x.x

Other reserved or commonly used addresses:

• 127.0.0.1 - The loopback interface address.
• 0.0.0.0 - This is reserved for hosts that don't know their address and use BOOTP or DHCP protocols to determine their addresses.
• 255 - The value of 255 is never used as an address for any part of the IP address. It is reserved for 
• broadcast addressing.

To further illustrate, a few examples of valid and invalid addresses are listed below:

1. Valid addresses:

·         10.1.0.1 through 10.1.0.254

·         10.0.0.1 through 10.0.0.254

·         10.0.1.1 through 10.0.1.254

·         192.168.1.1 trough 192.168.1.254

2. Invalid addresses:

·         10.1.0.0 - Host IP can't be 0

·         10.1.0.255 - Host IP can't be 255.

·         10.123.255.4         - No network or subnet can have a value of 255.

·         0.12.16.89 - No Class A network can have an address of 0.

·         255.9.56.45 - No network address can be 255.

·         10.34.255.1 - No network address can be 255.

Network/Netmask specification

Sometimes you may see a network interface card (NIC) IP address specified in the following manner:

192.168.1.1/24

The first part indicates the IP address of the NIC which is "192.168.1.1" in this case. The second part "/24" indicates the netmask value meaning in this case that the first 24 bits of the netmask are set. This makes the netmask value 255.255.255.0. If the last part of the line above were "/16", the netmask would be 255.255.0.0.

Guide to sub-class C blocks

	Addresses	Hosts	Netmask	Amount of a Class C
/30	4	2	255.255.255.252	1/64
/29	8	6	255.255.255.248	1/32
/28	16	14	255.255.255.240	1/16
/27	32	30	255.255.255.224	1/8
/26	64	62	255.255.255.192	1/4
/25	128	126	255.255.255.128	1/2
/24	256	254	255.255.255.0	1
/23	512	510	255.255.254.0	2
/22	1024	1022	255.255.252.0	4
/21	2048	2046	255.255.248.0	8
/20	4096	4094	255.255.240.0	16
/19	8192	8190	255.255.224.0	32
/18	16384	16382	255.255.192.0	64
/17	32768	32766	255.255.128.0	128
/16	65536	65534	255.255.0.0	256

/24 -- 1 Subnets -- 256 Hosts ; only one Subnet

Network #	IP Range	Broadcast
.0	.1-.254	.255

/25 -- 2 Subnets -- 126 Hosts/Subnet

Network #	IP Range	Broadcast
.0	.1-.126	.127
.128	.129-.254	.255

/26 -- 4 Subnets -- 62 Hosts/Subnet

Network #	IP Range	Broadcast
.0	.1-.62	.63
.64	.65-.126	.127
.128	.129-.190	.191
.192	.193-.254	.255

/27 -- 8 Subnets -- 30 Hosts/Subnet

Network #	IP Range	Broadcast
.0	.1-.30	.31
.32	.33-.62	.63
.64	.65-.94	.95
.96	.97-.126	.127
.128	.129-.158	.159
.160	.161-.190	.191
.192	.193-.222	.223
.224	.225-.254	.255

/28 -- 16 Subnets -- 14 Hosts/Subnet

Network #	IP Range	Broadcast
.0	.1-.14	.15
.16	.17-.30	.31
.32	.33-.46	.47
.48	.49-.62	.63
.64	.65-.78	.79
.80	.81-.94	.95
.96	.97-.110	.111
.112	.113-.126	.127
.128	.129-.142	.143
.144	.145-.158	.159
.160	.161-.174	.175
.176	.177-.190	.191
.192	.193-.206	.207
.208	.209-.222	.223
.224	.225-.238	.239
.240	.241-.254	.255

/29 -- 32 Subnets -- 6 Hosts/Subnet

Network #	IP Range	Broadcast
.0	.1-.6	.7
.8	.9-.14	.15
.16	.17-.22	.23
.24	.25-.30	.31
.32	.33-.38	.39
.40	.41-.46	.47
.48	.49-.54	.55
.56	.57-.62	.63
.64	.65-.70	.71
.72	.73-.78	.79
.80	.81-.86	.87
.88	.89-.94	.95
.96	.97-.102	.103
.104	.105-.110	.111
.112	.113-.118	.119
.120	.121-.126	.127
.128	.129-.134	.135
.136	.137-.142	.143
.144	.145-.150	.151
.152	.153-.158	.159
.160	.161-.166	.167
.168	.169-.174	.175
.176	.177-.182	.183
.184	.185-.190	.191
.192	.193-.198	.199
.200	.201-.206	.207
.208	.209-.214	.215
.216	.217-.222	.223
.224	.225-.230	.231
.232	.233-.238	.239
.240	.241-.246	.247
.248	.249-.254	.255

/30 -- 64 Subnets -- 2 Hosts/Subnet

Network #	IP Range	Broadcast
.0	.1-.2	.3
.4	.5-.6	.7
.8	.9-.10	.11
.12	.13-.14	.15
.16	.17-.18	.19
.20	.21-.22	.23
.24	.25-.26	.27
.28	.29-.30	.31
.32	.33-.34	.35
.36	.37-.38	.39
.40	.41-.42	.43
.44	.45-.46	.47
.48	.49-.50	.51
.52	.53-.54	.55
.56	.57-.58	.59
.60	.61-.62	.63
.64	.65-.66	.67
.68	.69-.70	.71
.72	.73-.74	.75
.76	.77-.78	.79
.80	.81-.82	.83
.84	.85-.86	.87
.88	.89-.90	.91
.92	.93-.94	.95
.96	.97-.98	.99
.100	.101-.102	.103
.104	.105-.106	.107
.108	.109-.110	.111
.112	.113-.114	.115
.116	.117-.118	.119
.120	.121-.122	.123
.124	.125-.126	.127
.128	.129-.130	.131
.132	.133-.134	.135
.136	.137-.138	.139
.140	.141-.142	.143
.144	.145-.146	.147
.148	.149-.150	.151
.152	.153-.154	.155
.156	.157-.158	.159
.160	.161-.162	.163
.164	.165-.166	.167
.168	.169-.170	.171
.172	.173-.174	.175
.176	.177-.178	.179
.180	.181-.182	.183
.184	.185-.186	.187
.188	.189-.190	.191
.192	.193-.194	.195
.196	.197-.198	.199
.200	.201-.202	.203
.204	.205-.206	.207
.208	.209-.210	.211
.212	.213-.214	.215
.216	.217-.218	.219
.220	.221-.222	.223
.224	.225-.226	.227
.228	.229-.230	.231
.232	.233-.234	.235
.236	.237-.238	.239
.240	.241-.242	.243
.244	.245-.246	.247
.248	.249-.250	.251
.252	.253-.254	.255